{"id":449262,"date":"2021-03-09T11:55:26","date_gmt":"2021-03-09T11:55:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.moldova.org\/en\/?p=449262"},"modified":"2021-03-09T11:56:26","modified_gmt":"2021-03-09T11:56:26","slug":"vaccine-nationalism-the-political-economy-of-covid-19","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.moldova.org\/en\/vaccine-nationalism-the-political-economy-of-covid-19\/","title":{"rendered":"Vaccine Nationalism & The Political Economy of COVID-19"},"content":{"rendered":"Reading Time: <\/span> 6<\/span> minutes<\/span><\/span>

It is now almost a year since COVID-19 sent several shock waves throughout the world and disrupted everyone\u2019s perception of normality. If last year\u2019s debates were focusing on lockdown measures, today, most discussions revolve around vaccinations. There is already too much fuss and too many conspiracy theories around the types of vaccinations, their effectiveness and their long term effects. Putting more gasoline on an already fiery conversation is beyond my purpose for this piece. What I aim to do, is to put the topic of vaccinations in the perspective of the political economy, and correspondingly explore the following questions: Why is access to vaccinations so unequal across the world? Why are some countries ordering five, seven, even nine times more doses than their actual population while others are waiting for generous donations?<\/span><\/p>\n

The graph below displays the sad reality of global inequality: the wealthy West is to vaccinate its whole population by the end of this year, while the rest will wait months if not years until they can do the same.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

People\u2019s Vaccine Alliance (a coalition between Oxfam, Amnesty International and Global Justice Now) raised big concerns over the issue of accessibility, when earlier in December it has become known that <\/span>53% of the total stock of vaccines<\/span><\/a> have already been pre-bought by the rich countries in the West, overall comprising only 14% of the global population.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In perspective, this means that 9 out of 10 people in 70 countries around the world will be deprived of a vaccine this year. Meanwhile, <\/span>Canada has secured<\/span><\/a> nine doses per citizen, the US – 7.3, and the UK – 5.7. In this race for the vaccine, where there are too many unknowns about what works and what doesn\u2019t, wealthy countries have the luxury to order multiple options while the majority of the poor have to wait for leftovers.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This hoarding of vaccines alarmed the international community, with academics and leaders from WHO and WTO accusing wealthy countries of \u201cvaccine nationalism\u201d. In times of a global crisis, we need to show solidarity to ensure safety for everyone.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

But, as the director of WHO, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, says, the unfair global distribution of vaccines represents a \u201ccatastrophic moral failure\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Georgetown Law global health professor Lawrence Gostin <\/span>states<\/span><\/a> that<\/span> \u201call human beings have equal worth, and the selfish hoarding of vaccines is unethical\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Incoming WTO chief, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, has also <\/span>expressed<\/span><\/a> strong criticism:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNo one is safe until everyone is safe. It\u2019s unconscionable that people will be dying elsewhere, waiting in a queue, when we have the technology.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

COVAX facility<\/span><\/a> was set in place specifically to address this problem of unequal access.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A product of collaboration between WHO, <\/span>GAVI<\/span><\/a> vaccine alliance, and the <\/span>Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness<\/span><\/a>, it aims to \u201caccelerate the development and manufacturing of COVID-19 vaccines, and guarantee fair and equitable access for every country in the world\u201d. But as the graph above shows, COVAX is supposed to supply only a fifth of the doses high income countries are receiving.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Boosted recently with donations from the US, the UK and the EU at the request of WHO (donations that followed only after these countries ensured complete access for their own populations), COVAX <\/span>aims to vaccinate 20%<\/span><\/a> of people in low and middle income countries by the end of 2021.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

This is by far NOT enough. The utmost risk is the rapid mutation of the virus, with new forms potentially being more dangerous and for which the current vaccines are not applicable.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Dr Roselyn Lemus-Martin, who holds a PhD in molecular and cell biology from the University of Oxford, <\/span>said <\/span><\/a>that this competition to secure vaccines will only prolong the pandemic.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Can you imagine another year of this madness? Let alone a few more?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Prolonging the pandemic will not only have disastrous effects in healthcare. The global economic recession has harmed the poorest people the most. In Africa alone, the pandemic has pushed 100 million people into <\/span>extreme poverty<\/span><\/a>, reversing two decades of progress.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The <\/span>World Food Programme<\/span><\/a> estimates that the pandemic will force as many as 272 million people into acute food insecurity.<\/span><\/p>\n

The International Labor Organization says that <\/span>we have already lost 225 million jobs<\/span><\/a> worldwide and it is estimated that the pandemic will reduce the global economy by 12.5 trillion dollars.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

If global solidarity and moral integrity are not good enough reasons to ensure equal access to vaccines, then at least economic reasons should wake us up. Leaving more than 70% of the global population at risk will stop global trade and economic activity – a consequence that not even rich countries can avoid, despite mass inoculation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

If both morally and economically it makes sense to distribute the supply of vaccines equally, why are we not doing it?<\/span><\/p>\n

One barrier is the complex way for financing R&D of medicines and vaccines.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Pharmaceutical companies function based on <\/span>\u201cadvanced market commitment\u201d<\/span><\/a>, a financial incentive through which governments pay in advance to get in the queue essentially.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the WHO director general, confirmed in a <\/span>press conference<\/span><\/a> that 44 bilateral deals have been signed between wealthy countries and pharmaceutical companies in 2020, followed by another 12 deals in 2021.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

He says:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s right that all governments want to prioritize vaccinating their own health workers and older people first. But it\u2019s not right that younger, healthier adults in rich countries are vaccinated before health workers and older people in poorer countries.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Even as they speak the language of equitable access, some countries and companies continue to prioritize bilateral deals, going around COVAX, driving up prices and attempting to jump to the front of the queue. This is wrong.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

And he is right! On one hand, one could argue that we cannot blame rich countries for prioritizing their citizens. They have more elderly people as a proportion of their population and above all, these governments are accountable to their electorate.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

On the other hand, is it moral to label some humans more valuable than others based on their governments\u2019 ability to pay?<\/span><\/p>\n

Another big reason for vaccine supply scarcity are monopoly restrictions through international patents. In the case of a global pandemic, it would make sense to make the IP rights more freely available, to make the method of manufacturing the vaccine open source, so that more producers can manufacture vaccines and sell them at locally appropriate prices.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Such a <\/span>proposal for a waiver<\/span><\/a> on intellectual property rights on all COVID-19 products was put forward by India and South Africa in front of the WTO – but wealthy countries <\/span>blocked it<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Early in 2020, Oxford University pledged to donate the rights to the vaccine to any drugmaker, but convinced by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, it <\/span>changed course<\/span><\/a> and gave exclusive rights to AstraZeneca.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Since every single country needs to vaccinate its population, these manufacturers reframed a global health crisis into an economic opportunity – if only they can make vaccines, only they will rip the benefits.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

It is a moral catastrophe and a humanitarian crisis when the private profit of a few manufacturers is prioritized over the livelihoods of billions of people. One should only look at <\/span>Pfizer\u2019s report<\/span><\/a> or check its <\/span>stock market price increase<\/span><\/a> to realize the enormous sums of money pouring into a few pockets.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCOVAX<\/span><\/i>\u201d, says <\/span>Asia Russell<\/span><\/a>, executive director of Health GAP, <\/span>\u201cis one part of a global COVID-19 response, but charity is not a comprehensive public health strategy. Why is gross profiteering being tolerated, while front-line health workers in poor countries are dying waiting in line for access? Aren’t their lives worth as much as people in the UK or US?\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Access to vaccinations puts global inequality in a new light and raises serious moral questions. If we are to live and flourish in a globalized world, we need to share both benefits and risks. Otherwise, we risk falling back to a <\/span>colonial, extractive regime<\/span><\/a>, as Jesse Bump, a researcher at Harvard University and colleagues affirm.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCovid-19 has provoked competitive, individualistic foreign policies. The competitive scramble for vaccines and supplies indicate that the political economy of COVID-19 is the political economy of extraction, following longstanding patterns of exploitation.\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

The COVID-19 crisis portrays the already existing global inequality in a more sickening form. How is it possible that most of the world fights unemployment, bankruptcy, and hunger, while a handful of corporations and billionaires have managed to increase their wealth? How can we possibly look up to that and call it \u201csuccessful entrepreneurship\u201d or \u201cprogress\u201d?\u00a0 Three decades of deregulation of the global economy has increased the gap between the haves and have nots.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

If we, as a global society, value collaboration, equity, and justice, then we need to incorporate these values in international governance and policy making. Otherwise, the regressive practices of the past will continue to afflict our present and corrupt our future.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n[aesop_character img=”https:\/\/www.moldova.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/03\/catalina-catana.jpg” align=”left” force_circle=”on” revealfx=”off”]\n

Catalina Catana hopped countries every few years, playing entrepreneurship in various corners of the world while growing a silent passion for social sciences and progressive economics. A few years in the private sector were enough to convince her to change her direction. She is researching and writes about global issues related to development, inequality, and social justice.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Reading Time: <\/span> 6<\/span> minutes<\/span><\/span>It is now almost a year since COVID-19 sent several shock waves throughout the world and disrupted everyone\u2019s perception of normality. If last year\u2019s debates were focusing on lockdown measures, today, most discussions revolve around vaccinations. There is already too much fuss and too many conspiracy theories around the types of vaccinations, their effectiveness and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":449267,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-449262","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-society"],"content_social_share":"Reading Time: <\/span> 6<\/span> minutes<\/span><\/span>

It is now almost a year since COVID-19 sent several shock waves throughout the world and disrupted everyone\u2019s perception of normality. If last year\u2019s debates were focusing on lockdown measures, today, most discussions revolve around vaccinations. There is already too much fuss and too many conspiracy theories around the types of vaccinations, their effectiveness and their long term effects. Putting more gasoline on an already fiery conversation is beyond my purpose for this piece. What I aim to do, is to put the topic of vaccinations in the perspective of the political economy, and correspondingly explore the following questions: Why is access to vaccinations so unequal across the world? Why are some countries ordering five, seven, even nine times more doses than their actual population while others are waiting for generous donations?<\/span><\/p>\n

The graph below displays the sad reality of global inequality: the wealthy West is to vaccinate its whole population by the end of this year, while the rest will wait months if not years until they can do the same.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

People\u2019s Vaccine Alliance (a coalition between Oxfam, Amnesty International and Global Justice Now) raised big concerns over the issue of accessibility, when earlier in December it has become known that <\/span>53% of the total stock of vaccines<\/span><\/a> have already been pre-bought by the rich countries in the West, overall comprising only 14% of the global population.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

In perspective, this means that 9 out of 10 people in 70 countries around the world will be deprived of a vaccine this year. Meanwhile, <\/span>Canada has secured<\/span><\/a> nine doses per citizen, the US – 7.3, and the UK – 5.7. In this race for the vaccine, where there are too many unknowns about what works and what doesn\u2019t, wealthy countries have the luxury to order multiple options while the majority of the poor have to wait for leftovers.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This hoarding of vaccines alarmed the international community, with academics and leaders from WHO and WTO accusing wealthy countries of \u201cvaccine nationalism\u201d. In times of a global crisis, we need to show solidarity to ensure safety for everyone.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

But, as the director of WHO, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, says, the unfair global distribution of vaccines represents a \u201ccatastrophic moral failure\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Georgetown Law global health professor Lawrence Gostin <\/span>states<\/span><\/a> that<\/span> \u201call human beings have equal worth, and the selfish hoarding of vaccines is unethical\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Incoming WTO chief, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, has also <\/span>expressed<\/span><\/a> strong criticism:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cNo one is safe until everyone is safe. It\u2019s unconscionable that people will be dying elsewhere, waiting in a queue, when we have the technology.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

COVAX facility<\/span><\/a> was set in place specifically to address this problem of unequal access.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

A product of collaboration between WHO, <\/span>GAVI<\/span><\/a> vaccine alliance, and the <\/span>Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness<\/span><\/a>, it aims to \u201caccelerate the development and manufacturing of COVID-19 vaccines, and guarantee fair and equitable access for every country in the world\u201d. But as the graph above shows, COVAX is supposed to supply only a fifth of the doses high income countries are receiving.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Boosted recently with donations from the US, the UK and the EU at the request of WHO (donations that followed only after these countries ensured complete access for their own populations), COVAX <\/span>aims to vaccinate 20%<\/span><\/a> of people in low and middle income countries by the end of 2021.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

This is by far NOT enough. The utmost risk is the rapid mutation of the virus, with new forms potentially being more dangerous and for which the current vaccines are not applicable.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Dr Roselyn Lemus-Martin, who holds a PhD in molecular and cell biology from the University of Oxford, <\/span>said <\/span><\/a>that this competition to secure vaccines will only prolong the pandemic.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Can you imagine another year of this madness? Let alone a few more?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Prolonging the pandemic will not only have disastrous effects in healthcare. The global economic recession has harmed the poorest people the most. In Africa alone, the pandemic has pushed 100 million people into <\/span>extreme poverty<\/span><\/a>, reversing two decades of progress.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The <\/span>World Food Programme<\/span><\/a> estimates that the pandemic will force as many as 272 million people into acute food insecurity.<\/span><\/p>\n

The International Labor Organization says that <\/span>we have already lost 225 million jobs<\/span><\/a> worldwide and it is estimated that the pandemic will reduce the global economy by 12.5 trillion dollars.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

If global solidarity and moral integrity are not good enough reasons to ensure equal access to vaccines, then at least economic reasons should wake us up. Leaving more than 70% of the global population at risk will stop global trade and economic activity – a consequence that not even rich countries can avoid, despite mass inoculation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

If both morally and economically it makes sense to distribute the supply of vaccines equally, why are we not doing it?<\/span><\/p>\n

One barrier is the complex way for financing R&D of medicines and vaccines.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Pharmaceutical companies function based on <\/span>\u201cadvanced market commitment\u201d<\/span><\/a>, a financial incentive through which governments pay in advance to get in the queue essentially.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the WHO director general, confirmed in a <\/span>press conference<\/span><\/a> that 44 bilateral deals have been signed between wealthy countries and pharmaceutical companies in 2020, followed by another 12 deals in 2021.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

He says:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s right that all governments want to prioritize vaccinating their own health workers and older people first. But it\u2019s not right that younger, healthier adults in rich countries are vaccinated before health workers and older people in poorer countries.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Even as they speak the language of equitable access, some countries and companies continue to prioritize bilateral deals, going around COVAX, driving up prices and attempting to jump to the front of the queue. This is wrong.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

And he is right! On one hand, one could argue that we cannot blame rich countries for prioritizing their citizens. They have more elderly people as a proportion of their population and above all, these governments are accountable to their electorate.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

On the other hand, is it moral to label some humans more valuable than others based on their governments\u2019 ability to pay?<\/span><\/p>\n

Another big reason for vaccine supply scarcity are monopoly restrictions through international patents. In the case of a global pandemic, it would make sense to make the IP rights more freely available, to make the method of manufacturing the vaccine open source, so that more producers can manufacture vaccines and sell them at locally appropriate prices.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Such a <\/span>proposal for a waiver<\/span><\/a> on intellectual property rights on all COVID-19 products was put forward by India and South Africa in front of the WTO – but wealthy countries <\/span>blocked it<\/span><\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Early in 2020, Oxford University pledged to donate the rights to the vaccine to any drugmaker, but convinced by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, it <\/span>changed course<\/span><\/a> and gave exclusive rights to AstraZeneca.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Since every single country needs to vaccinate its population, these manufacturers reframed a global health crisis into an economic opportunity – if only they can make vaccines, only they will rip the benefits.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

It is a moral catastrophe and a humanitarian crisis when the private profit of a few manufacturers is prioritized over the livelihoods of billions of people. One should only look at <\/span>Pfizer\u2019s report<\/span><\/a> or check its <\/span>stock market price increase<\/span><\/a> to realize the enormous sums of money pouring into a few pockets.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCOVAX<\/span><\/i>\u201d, says <\/span>Asia Russell<\/span><\/a>, executive director of Health GAP, <\/span>\u201cis one part of a global COVID-19 response, but charity is not a comprehensive public health strategy. Why is gross profiteering being tolerated, while front-line health workers in poor countries are dying waiting in line for access? Aren’t their lives worth as much as people in the UK or US?\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Access to vaccinations puts global inequality in a new light and raises serious moral questions. If we are to live and flourish in a globalized world, we need to share both benefits and risks. Otherwise, we risk falling back to a <\/span>colonial, extractive regime<\/span><\/a>, as Jesse Bump, a researcher at Harvard University and colleagues affirm.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cCovid-19 has provoked competitive, individualistic foreign policies. The competitive scramble for vaccines and supplies indicate that the political economy of COVID-19 is the political economy of extraction, following longstanding patterns of exploitation.\u201d<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

The COVID-19 crisis portrays the already existing global inequality in a more sickening form. How is it possible that most of the world fights unemployment, bankruptcy, and hunger, while a handful of corporations and billionaires have managed to increase their wealth? How can we possibly look up to that and call it \u201csuccessful entrepreneurship\u201d or \u201cprogress\u201d?\u00a0 Three decades of deregulation of the global economy has increased the gap between the haves and have nots.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

If we, as a global society, value collaboration, equity, and justice, then we need to incorporate these values in international governance and policy making. Otherwise, the regressive practices of the past will continue to afflict our present and corrupt our future.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n[aesop_character img=”https:\/\/www.moldova.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2021\/03\/catalina-catana.jpg” align=”left” force_circle=”on” revealfx=”off”]\n

Catalina Catana hopped countries every few years, playing entrepreneurship in various corners of the world while growing a silent passion for social sciences and progressive economics. A few years in the private sector were enough to convince her to change her direction. She is researching and writes about global issues related to development, inequality, and social justice.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

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