{"id":447610,"date":"2019-10-29T13:40:31","date_gmt":"2019-10-29T13:40:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.moldova.org\/en\/?p=447610"},"modified":"2019-10-29T15:03:44","modified_gmt":"2019-10-29T15:03:44","slug":"who-how-where-why-the-migration-profile-of-the-republic-of-moldova","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.moldova.org\/en\/who-how-where-why-the-migration-profile-of-the-republic-of-moldova\/","title":{"rendered":"Who? How? Where? Why? The migration profile of the Republic of Moldova"},"content":{"rendered":"Reading Time: <\/span> 5<\/span> minutes<\/span><\/span>

In the early 90\u2019s, the national statistics of the newly formed Moldova reported a population of 4.5 million inhabitants. Today, this number has dropped significantly and, as it seems, it still continues to drop. Who are the people that are leaving Moldova today, what are the means they use, what are the destination countries, why do they leave and what are the consequences of the migration phenomenon in Moldova will be discussed in this article.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The total population of the Republic of Moldova was recorded as being 2 681 734<\/strong> inhabitants in 2019, according to the National Statistical Database<\/a> of Moldova. The UN projections<\/a> said that the Moldova\u2019s population will decrease to 2 million inhabitants by 2100.<\/p>\n

The migration situation is predominantly characterized by emigration of Moldovan citizens, while immigration of non-citizens or foreign-born persons can be described as insignificant from a statistical point of view, according to a statement<\/a> of International Organisation for Migration.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Who?<\/h3>\n

The Extended Migration Profile of the Republic of Moldova Report<\/a> for 2010-2015 displayed a number\u00a0of Moldovan citizens who were residing abroad of approximately 753 800<\/strong>, out of whom 282 100<\/strong> were staying for a period of 12 months and beyond, whereas the Statistical Compendium<\/a> of\u00a0Migration and Asylum Bureau displayed an estimated number of 805 509<\/strong> Moldovan citizens registered as living abroad at the end of 2015.<\/p>\n

The above-mentioned reports show that the majority of the emigrating population is from rural areas (69%), aged between 15 and 44 years (78.9%),\u00a0with secondary education or high school degree (50%), predominantly being people who worked in\u00a0agriculture before.<\/p>\n

How?<\/h3>\n

Since April 2014, when the Moldova\u2013European Union Association Agreement<\/a> was signed, Moldovan citizens with biometric passports can travel to the Schengen<\/strong> Area without needing a visa. They may also stay in all EU countries for maximum 3 months in every 6 months. For longer periods of stay, Moldovan citizens need to obtain designated visas or work permits.<\/p>\n

When looking at the Schengen visa applications<\/a> though, it can be observed that not so many people actually apply for long-term visas \u2013 only 2627<\/strong> people applied in 2018. That is happening because, at present, the big majority of citizens of Moldova don’t need any visa, as they are citizens of Romania as well.<\/p>\n

\"\"

source: statistics.schengenvisainfo.com\/<\/p><\/div>\n

The National Authority for Citizenship of Romania announced that, from 2002 until 2018, a total of 521 025 citizens of the Republic of Moldova regained the Romanian citizenship<\/strong>. Why regained? The territory of the today’s Republic of Moldova was part of Romania between 1918-1940, therefore the children and grandchildren of former Romanian citizens have the right to regain their grandparents’ or parents’ citizenship.<\/p>\n

Where?<\/h3>\n

Since its independence, the migration from Moldova has been directed towards two main regions: The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries, predominantly Russia<\/strong> (more than 59% of Moldovan migrants in 2015), as well as Western Europe, particularly Italy<\/strong> (more than 17% of Moldovan migrants in 2015).<\/p>\n

\"\"

source: made by the author, based on the Extended Migration Profile of the Republic of Moldova Report for 2010-2015<\/p><\/div>\n

Why?<\/h3>\n

Today, people are not leaving for the same reasons as in the early 90\u2019s. The emigration period between 1990-2000 was constrained by extreme poverty,\u00a0 high rate of illegal crossing of the border and problems with trafficking in human beings.<\/p>\n

Nowadays, the main push factor for Moldovan migrants is poverty<\/strong> as well, but also lack of adequate employment opportunities and low salaries, while higher living standards abroad act as a pull factor. People are not forced to leave by extreme poverty circumstances anymore, as they were in 90’s. They leave because they want to establish abroad and they take their entire families with them.<\/p>\n

As Sergiu Tofilat, the expert of the Institute of European Policies and Reforms,\u00a0stated<\/a> for DW, people are moving abroad because the level of remuneration in Moldova is much lower compared to developed countries. “Similarly, the pension system is inefficient and unable to guarantee the employee a decent pension. Another cause is excessive corruption and bureaucracy in local and central public institutions, selective justice and the law firm’s biased activity. The interests of the citizens are not protected by the law, and they no longer trust the police and the prosecutor’s office. We can continue endlessly with the list of causes, such as the poorly developed medical and educational system, destroyed infrastructure,etc.\u201d\u00a0<\/em>the expert said.<\/p>\n

Young people are mainly leaving to look for a job<\/strong> or to study abroad<\/strong>, but there are also people who work only temporarily, having breaks to return home for 1-3 months.<\/p>\n

\"\"

source: iom.md<\/p><\/div>\n

Positive consequences<\/h4>\n

People that leave and work abroad and still have families in the Republic of Moldova use to transfer money in form of remittances<\/strong>. These amounts of money represent not only an important source of income for people living in Moldova, but also contribute to the increase of GDP\u00a0nominal value.\u00a0In 2018, the Republic of Moldova ranks 9th in a world ranking of remittances related to GDP, with a value of 16.1%, according to the World Bank data<\/a>.<\/p>\n

In September 2019, there were transferred $100.45 million (up by 2.9% compared to September 2018) from abroad to individuals and private households through licensed banks of Moldova and official money transfer services, almost the entire amount representing remittances, as National Bank of Moldova reported<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/h4>\n
\"\"

source: made by the author, based on the data from the National Bank of Moldova<\/p><\/div>\n

Negative consequences<\/h4>\n

At such an emigration rate, the Republic of Moldova is facing major demographic problems<\/strong>. The difference between mortality and birthrate increases year by year. In 2018 for example, the difference between the number of persons who died and those who were born was 2 565. The life expectancy in Moldova is one of the lowest in Europe. It was 66.2 years for men and 75 for women in 2018,\u00a0according to the\u00a0the National Statistical Database of Moldova.<\/p>\n

There are no exact statistics that would indicate how many houses were left forever, how many children suffered from the temporary emigration of their parents and how many companies were closed because of workforce shortage. Still, these consequences persist and will continue to influence the economy and society of the Republic of Moldova for many years yet.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Reading Time: <\/span> 5<\/span> minutes<\/span><\/span>In the early 90\u2019s, the national statistics of the newly formed Moldova reported a population of 4.5 million inhabitants. Today, this number has dropped significantly and, as it seems, it still continues to drop. Who are the people that are leaving Moldova today, what are the means they use, what are the destination countries, why […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":447617,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,4,56],"tags":[150,442,168,35,27,95],"class_list":["post-447610","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-important-en","category-society","category-reportaje","tag-eastern-europe","tag-emigration","tag-european-union","tag-important","tag-moldova","tag-society"],"content_social_share":"Reading Time: <\/span> 5<\/span> minutes<\/span><\/span>

In the early 90\u2019s, the national statistics of the newly formed Moldova reported a population of 4.5 million inhabitants. Today, this number has dropped significantly and, as it seems, it still continues to drop. Who are the people that are leaving Moldova today, what are the means they use, what are the destination countries, why do they leave and what are the consequences of the migration phenomenon in Moldova will be discussed in this article.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The total population of the Republic of Moldova was recorded as being 2 681 734<\/strong> inhabitants in 2019, according to the National Statistical Database<\/a> of Moldova. The UN projections<\/a> said that the Moldova\u2019s population will decrease to 2 million inhabitants by 2100.<\/p>\n

The migration situation is predominantly characterized by emigration of Moldovan citizens, while immigration of non-citizens or foreign-born persons can be described as insignificant from a statistical point of view, according to a statement<\/a> of International Organisation for Migration.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Who?<\/h3>\n

The Extended Migration Profile of the Republic of Moldova Report<\/a> for 2010-2015 displayed a number\u00a0of Moldovan citizens who were residing abroad of approximately 753 800<\/strong>, out of whom 282 100<\/strong> were staying for a period of 12 months and beyond, whereas the Statistical Compendium<\/a> of\u00a0Migration and Asylum Bureau displayed an estimated number of 805 509<\/strong> Moldovan citizens registered as living abroad at the end of 2015.<\/p>\n

The above-mentioned reports show that the majority of the emigrating population is from rural areas (69%), aged between 15 and 44 years (78.9%),\u00a0with secondary education or high school degree (50%), predominantly being people who worked in\u00a0agriculture before.<\/p>\n

How?<\/h3>\n

Since April 2014, when the Moldova\u2013European Union Association Agreement<\/a> was signed, Moldovan citizens with biometric passports can travel to the Schengen<\/strong> Area without needing a visa. They may also stay in all EU countries for maximum 3 months in every 6 months. For longer periods of stay, Moldovan citizens need to obtain designated visas or work permits.<\/p>\n

When looking at the Schengen visa applications<\/a> though, it can be observed that not so many people actually apply for long-term visas \u2013 only 2627<\/strong> people applied in 2018. That is happening because, at present, the big majority of citizens of Moldova don’t need any visa, as they are citizens of Romania as well.<\/p>\n

\"\"

source: statistics.schengenvisainfo.com\/<\/p><\/div>\n

The National Authority for Citizenship of Romania announced that, from 2002 until 2018, a total of 521 025 citizens of the Republic of Moldova regained the Romanian citizenship<\/strong>. Why regained? The territory of the today’s Republic of Moldova was part of Romania between 1918-1940, therefore the children and grandchildren of former Romanian citizens have the right to regain their grandparents’ or parents’ citizenship.<\/p>\n

Where?<\/h3>\n

Since its independence, the migration from Moldova has been directed towards two main regions: The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries, predominantly Russia<\/strong> (more than 59% of Moldovan migrants in 2015), as well as Western Europe, particularly Italy<\/strong> (more than 17% of Moldovan migrants in 2015).<\/p>\n

\"\"

source: made by the author, based on the Extended Migration Profile of the Republic of Moldova Report for 2010-2015<\/p><\/div>\n

Why?<\/h3>\n

Today, people are not leaving for the same reasons as in the early 90\u2019s. The emigration period between 1990-2000 was constrained by extreme poverty,\u00a0 high rate of illegal crossing of the border and problems with trafficking in human beings.<\/p>\n

Nowadays, the main push factor for Moldovan migrants is poverty<\/strong> as well, but also lack of adequate employment opportunities and low salaries, while higher living standards abroad act as a pull factor. People are not forced to leave by extreme poverty circumstances anymore, as they were in 90’s. They leave because they want to establish abroad and they take their entire families with them.<\/p>\n

As Sergiu Tofilat, the expert of the Institute of European Policies and Reforms,\u00a0stated<\/a> for DW, people are moving abroad because the level of remuneration in Moldova is much lower compared to developed countries. “Similarly, the pension system is inefficient and unable to guarantee the employee a decent pension. Another cause is excessive corruption and bureaucracy in local and central public institutions, selective justice and the law firm’s biased activity. The interests of the citizens are not protected by the law, and they no longer trust the police and the prosecutor’s office. We can continue endlessly with the list of causes, such as the poorly developed medical and educational system, destroyed infrastructure,etc.\u201d\u00a0<\/em>the expert said.<\/p>\n

Young people are mainly leaving to look for a job<\/strong> or to study abroad<\/strong>, but there are also people who work only temporarily, having breaks to return home for 1-3 months.<\/p>\n

\"\"

source: iom.md<\/p><\/div>\n

Positive consequences<\/h4>\n

People that leave and work abroad and still have families in the Republic of Moldova use to transfer money in form of remittances<\/strong>. These amounts of money represent not only an important source of income for people living in Moldova, but also contribute to the increase of GDP\u00a0nominal value.\u00a0In 2018, the Republic of Moldova ranks 9th in a world ranking of remittances related to GDP, with a value of 16.1%, according to the World Bank data<\/a>.<\/p>\n

In September 2019, there were transferred $100.45 million (up by 2.9% compared to September 2018) from abroad to individuals and private households through licensed banks of Moldova and official money transfer services, almost the entire amount representing remittances, as National Bank of Moldova reported<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/h4>\n
\"\"

source: made by the author, based on the data from the National Bank of Moldova<\/p><\/div>\n

Negative consequences<\/h4>\n

At such an emigration rate, the Republic of Moldova is facing major demographic problems<\/strong>. The difference between mortality and birthrate increases year by year. In 2018 for example, the difference between the number of persons who died and those who were born was 2 565. The life expectancy in Moldova is one of the lowest in Europe. It was 66.2 years for men and 75 for women in 2018,\u00a0according to the\u00a0the National Statistical Database of Moldova.<\/p>\n

There are no exact statistics that would indicate how many houses were left forever, how many children suffered from the temporary emigration of their parents and how many companies were closed because of workforce shortage. Still, these consequences persist and will continue to influence the economy and society of the Republic of Moldova for many years yet.<\/p>\n

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