{"id":174536,"date":"2011-05-30T12:39:42","date_gmt":"2011-05-30T12:39:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/new.moldova.org\/2011\/05\/30\/may-16-1812-annexation-of-bessarabia-221345-eng\/"},"modified":"2011-05-30T12:39:42","modified_gmt":"2011-05-30T12:39:42","slug":"may-16-1812-annexation-of-bessarabia-221345-eng","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.moldova.org\/en\/may-16-1812-annexation-of-bessarabia-221345-eng\/","title":{"rendered":"May 16, 1812: Annexation of Bessarabia"},"content":{"rendered":"Reading Time: <\/span> 4<\/span> minutes<\/span><\/span>

Due to historical vicissitudes, the romanian people couldn’t live in a state that would include its whole teritory of being, as most diverse peoples invaded. But not only its teritorial integrity had to suffer, as the historical entity of romanians was exposed, also, to various attacks from their invaders. Annexation of Bessarabia in 1812 to the Imperial Russia was such a case.<\/p>\n

Bessarabia was the name by which Imperial Russia designated the eastern part of the Principality of Moldavia, ceded by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal) to Russia at the Peace of Bucharest in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812.<\/p>\n

Before the Russian annexation, the territory had no particular name, Moldavia being traditionally divided into \u0162ara de Sus (the Upper Lands, the mountainous area of the Carpathians) and \u0162ara de Jos (the Lower Lands, the plains which included this territory). Bessarabia was the southern part of this territory (now known as Budjak), being named after the Wallachian house of Basarab, which ruled it in 14th century. The Russians used the name "Bessarabia" for the whole region rather than the southern area.<\/p>\n

Bessarabia was an oblast (1812–1871) and later a guberniya (Guberniya of Bessarabia, 1871–1917) in the Russian Empire.<\/p>\n

Earlier, in 1511, Moldavia became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, having the possibility to keep an integral internal autonomy, Turks had no right to buy land or establish there, the country kept its political organization, religion, national ruler, still, the ruler was named according to the Gate’s confirmation and Moldavia had to pay a certain tribute, which was increased later.<\/p>\n

As the Russian Empire noticed the weakening of the Ottoman Empire, it occupied the eastern half of Moldavia, between the Prut and Dniester rivers. This was followed by six years of warfare, which were concluded by the Treaty of Bucharest (1812), by which the Ottoman Empire acknowledged the Russian annexation of the province. This way a period of development in new social, political, and economical environment started.<\/p>\n

Some of the positive results in the socio-economic and cultural sphere were gained contrary to the subjective tendencies of the Czarist Government, furthermore, Bessarabia was situated close to the bourgeois Europe, and the Balkans, agitated by a wide campaign of national freedom. There should be mentioned the fact that the Russians were interested in strengthening their position on the Balkan Peninsula and Bessaraabia had to play a role of bridgehead in accomplishing these plans. By the annexation concession Ottoman Empire simply violated its contract, and Russia became accomplice in violating an international law contract.<\/p>\n

The boyars of Bessarabia protested against the annexation, arguing that the Ottoman Empire had no right to cede a territory that was not theirs in the first place (Moldavia being only a vassal, not an Ottoman province), but this did not prevent the Sultan from signing the treaty in May 1812.<\/p>\n

After the annexation, there were petitiones for self-rule and the establishment of a civil government based on the Moldavian traditional laws. In 1818, a special autonomous region was created, which had both Romanian and Russian as languages used in the local administration, it was also obtained permission for opening a seminary and a printing press, with the Bessarabian church being an eparchy of the Russian Orthodox Church.<\/p>\n

As the Russians feared nationalism, which triggered the anti-Ottoman 1821 Wallachian Revolution in neighbouring Wallachia, the local authorities began a gradual retraction of many of the freedoms.<\/p>\n

Nicholas I of Russia, crowned in 1825, began a campaign of reforms which had the goal of gainingmore control over the western provinces. Autonomy of the region was retracted in 1829, with the  new constitution written by the governor of New Russia and Bessarabia, Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov. The constitution no longer made the usage of Romanian compulsory for public announcements and in 1854, Russian was made the official language. Also around 1850, Romanian was no longer used in schools and the importation of books from Moldavia and Wallachia was banned.<\/p>\n

Integration within the Russian Empire continued with the introduction of the zemstva in 1869. Although this system was meant to increase the participation of the locals in civic affairs, it was run by Russians and other non-Moldavian functionaries brought from across the Empire. The Moldavian boyars protested against the reforms, which decreased their own powers, but their protests were not well organized and they were mostly ignored. Some Moldavian boyar families were however integrated in the Russian nobility, but most of the nobles of Bessarabia were foreigners: in 1911, there were 468 noble families in Bessarabia, of which only 138 were Moldavian.<\/p>\n

The foreign diplomats of that period were clearly realising Moldavia’s and Romanian people misfortune. In 1813 the French consul recorded:"The Prut is lost for ever for Moldavia, and the loss of Prut means the loss of Moldavia. "<\/p>\n

One of the marxist profets, Fr. Engels himself condemned the act of taking over Moldavia:"The Russian chauvinism could still find reasons for Catherine’s conquests, it’s not the case for Alexander’s conquests at all. Finland is Finnish and Swedish, Bessarabia – Romanian, and Congress Poland – Polish. It cannot be the union of related, scattered peoples who are called russian, we are dealing with a forced conquest of foreign teritories here, a real kidnapping. "<\/p>\n

Speaking of Russian historians, General Kuropatkin, who was War Minister of the Russian Empire and a military historian in 1910 confessed:"Annexation of Bessarabia by Alexander I was not positively encountered by the Romanian people of that province, on the contrary, weak Turkish authority, which gave autonomy rights not only to the upper levels, but to the entire local population and people was preferable, rather than being swallowed by Russia."<\/p>\n

The worst thing about May 16 1812 is that it presently devides the civil society of the Republic of Moldova into those who are aware of the real significance of Russia’s gesture, and others who treat it in terms of release from the suzerain Ottoman Empire, especially in the Soviet historiography. In fact, it was the year of a territorial theft, an Imperial annexation carried out by Imperial Russia detrimenting the Principality of Moldavia, giving start to a process of Romainan’s isolation from between Prut and Dnestr rivers, which already lasts for more than two hundred years, isolation from the rest of the Romanian people, exposure of the local people to an intense
\nRussification process and denationalization; Imperial policies directed towards Romanian spirit degradation in Bessarabia by bringing allogeneic elements, classic colonization elements of the Russian Empire which distort ethnic balance in Bessarabia. And this inheritance is lasting up till now.<\/p>\n

As historian Octavian Tsicu stated :"Treating the year of 1812 historically correct, a process of annexation of a Romanian territory began, which, in time, led to the premises of creating the state of Republic of Moldova, and we should totally admit the changes which took place ever since. The international circumstances of that time predisposed Rusia for annexation, as Russian Imperial Policy was focused on the Balkans and Constantinople. From the historiographian point of view, this would have happened sooner or later, the same way the left part of the Dnestr river was annexated in 1792. Finally, Russia’s way to the Balkans stopped at Prut."<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Reading Time: <\/span> 4<\/span> minutes<\/span><\/span>Bessarabia was an oblast (1812\u20131871) and later a guberniya (Guberniya of Bessarabia, 1871\u20131917) in the Russian Empire.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":174535,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-174536","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics"],"content_social_share":"Reading Time: <\/span> 4<\/span> minutes<\/span><\/span>

Due to historical vicissitudes, the romanian people couldn’t live in a state that would include its whole teritory of being, as most diverse peoples invaded. But not only its teritorial integrity had to suffer, as the historical entity of romanians was exposed, also, to various attacks from their invaders. Annexation of Bessarabia in 1812 to the Imperial Russia was such a case.<\/p>\n

Bessarabia was the name by which Imperial Russia designated the eastern part of the Principality of Moldavia, ceded by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal) to Russia at the Peace of Bucharest in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812.<\/p>\n

Before the Russian annexation, the territory had no particular name, Moldavia being traditionally divided into \u0162ara de Sus (the Upper Lands, the mountainous area of the Carpathians) and \u0162ara de Jos (the Lower Lands, the plains which included this territory). Bessarabia was the southern part of this territory (now known as Budjak), being named after the Wallachian house of Basarab, which ruled it in 14th century. The Russians used the name "Bessarabia" for the whole region rather than the southern area.<\/p>\n

Bessarabia was an oblast (1812–1871) and later a guberniya (Guberniya of Bessarabia, 1871–1917) in the Russian Empire.<\/p>\n

Earlier, in 1511, Moldavia became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, having the possibility to keep an integral internal autonomy, Turks had no right to buy land or establish there, the country kept its political organization, religion, national ruler, still, the ruler was named according to the Gate’s confirmation and Moldavia had to pay a certain tribute, which was increased later.<\/p>\n

As the Russian Empire noticed the weakening of the Ottoman Empire, it occupied the eastern half of Moldavia, between the Prut and Dniester rivers. This was followed by six years of warfare, which were concluded by the Treaty of Bucharest (1812), by which the Ottoman Empire acknowledged the Russian annexation of the province. This way a period of development in new social, political, and economical environment started.<\/p>\n

Some of the positive results in the socio-economic and cultural sphere were gained contrary to the subjective tendencies of the Czarist Government, furthermore, Bessarabia was situated close to the bourgeois Europe, and the Balkans, agitated by a wide campaign of national freedom. There should be mentioned the fact that the Russians were interested in strengthening their position on the Balkan Peninsula and Bessaraabia had to play a role of bridgehead in accomplishing these plans. By the annexation concession Ottoman Empire simply violated its contract, and Russia became accomplice in violating an international law contract.<\/p>\n

The boyars of Bessarabia protested against the annexation, arguing that the Ottoman Empire had no right to cede a territory that was not theirs in the first place (Moldavia being only a vassal, not an Ottoman province), but this did not prevent the Sultan from signing the treaty in May 1812.<\/p>\n

After the annexation, there were petitiones for self-rule and the establishment of a civil government based on the Moldavian traditional laws. In 1818, a special autonomous region was created, which had both Romanian and Russian as languages used in the local administration, it was also obtained permission for opening a seminary and a printing press, with the Bessarabian church being an eparchy of the Russian Orthodox Church.<\/p>\n

As the Russians feared nationalism, which triggered the anti-Ottoman 1821 Wallachian Revolution in neighbouring Wallachia, the local authorities began a gradual retraction of many of the freedoms.<\/p>\n

Nicholas I of Russia, crowned in 1825, began a campaign of reforms which had the goal of gainingmore control over the western provinces. Autonomy of the region was retracted in 1829, with the  new constitution written by the governor of New Russia and Bessarabia, Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov. The constitution no longer made the usage of Romanian compulsory for public announcements and in 1854, Russian was made the official language. Also around 1850, Romanian was no longer used in schools and the importation of books from Moldavia and Wallachia was banned.<\/p>\n

Integration within the Russian Empire continued with the introduction of the zemstva in 1869. Although this system was meant to increase the participation of the locals in civic affairs, it was run by Russians and other non-Moldavian functionaries brought from across the Empire. The Moldavian boyars protested against the reforms, which decreased their own powers, but their protests were not well organized and they were mostly ignored. Some Moldavian boyar families were however integrated in the Russian nobility, but most of the nobles of Bessarabia were foreigners: in 1911, there were 468 noble families in Bessarabia, of which only 138 were Moldavian.<\/p>\n

The foreign diplomats of that period were clearly realising Moldavia’s and Romanian people misfortune. In 1813 the French consul recorded:"The Prut is lost for ever for Moldavia, and the loss of Prut means the loss of Moldavia. "<\/p>\n

One of the marxist profets, Fr. Engels himself condemned the act of taking over Moldavia:"The Russian chauvinism could still find reasons for Catherine’s conquests, it’s not the case for Alexander’s conquests at all. Finland is Finnish and Swedish, Bessarabia – Romanian, and Congress Poland – Polish. It cannot be the union of related, scattered peoples who are called russian, we are dealing with a forced conquest of foreign teritories here, a real kidnapping. "<\/p>\n

Speaking of Russian historians, General Kuropatkin, who was War Minister of the Russian Empire and a military historian in 1910 confessed:"Annexation of Bessarabia by Alexander I was not positively encountered by the Romanian people of that province, on the contrary, weak Turkish authority, which gave autonomy rights not only to the upper levels, but to the entire local population and people was preferable, rather than being swallowed by Russia."<\/p>\n

The worst thing about May 16 1812 is that it presently devides the civil society of the Republic of Moldova into those who are aware of the real significance of Russia’s gesture, and others who treat it in terms of release from the suzerain Ottoman Empire, especially in the Soviet historiography. In fact, it was the year of a territorial theft, an Imperial annexation carried out by Imperial Russia detrimenting the Principality of Moldavia, giving start to a process of Romainan’s isolation from between Prut and Dnestr rivers, which already lasts for more than two hundred years, isolation from the rest of the Romanian people, exposure of the local people to an intense
\nRussification process and denationalization; Imperial policies directed towards Romanian spirit degradation in Bessarabia by bringing allogeneic elements, classic colonization elements of the Russian Empire which distort ethnic balance in Bessarabia. And this inheritance is lasting up till now.<\/p>\n

As historian Octavian Tsicu stated :"Treating the year of 1812 historically correct, a process of annexation of a Romanian territory began, which, in time, led to the premises of creating the state of Republic of Moldova, and we should totally admit the changes which took place ever since. The international circumstances of that time predisposed Rusia for annexation, as Russian Imperial Policy was focused on the Balkans and Constantinople. From the historiographian point of view, this would have happened sooner or later, the same way the left part of the Dnestr river was annexated in 1792. Finally, Russia’s way to the Balkans stopped at Prut."<\/p>\n

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