{"id":164485,"date":"2010-07-24T15:19:09","date_gmt":"2010-07-24T15:19:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/new.moldova.org\/2010\/07\/24\/eastern-europes-frozen-conflicts-look-to-kosovo-ruling-210932-eng\/"},"modified":"2010-07-24T15:19:09","modified_gmt":"2010-07-24T15:19:09","slug":"eastern-europes-frozen-conflicts-look-to-kosovo-ruling-210932-eng","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.moldova.org\/en\/eastern-europes-frozen-conflicts-look-to-kosovo-ruling-210932-eng\/","title":{"rendered":"Eastern Europe&#8217;s frozen conflicts look to Kosovo ruling"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Reading Time: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 4<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minutes<\/span><\/span><p><em>By Charles Recknagel<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The International Court of Justice&#8217;s (ICJ) ruling that Kosovo&#8217;s unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia was legal is of direct interest to other countries with secession crises or frozen conflicts.<\/p>\n<p>The ICJ has said its ruling approving Kosovo&#8217;s declaration of independence is unique to Kosovo.<\/p>\n<p>That essentially means the justices do not want it to stand as a precedent for the world&#8217;s many other places where regions have seceded or want to secede from their home countries.<\/p>\n<p>But as the instant reaction of many governments to the July 22 decision makes clear, the court&#8217;s ruling is being regarded &#8212; rightly or wrongly &#8212; in more universal terms. And nowhere more so than by parties involved in secession crises or frozen conflicts themselves.<\/p>\n<p>&#8216;Guidance&#8217; For Bosnia&#8217;s Serbs<\/p>\n<p>Among the first to react to the court&#8217;s ruling affirming Kosovo&#8217;s 2008 unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia was the leader of Bosnia-Herzegovina&#8217;s Serbian entity, the Republika Srpska.<br \/>\nPrime Minister Milorad Dodik suggested that if Kosovo&#8217;s secession from Serbia did not violate international law, then the same standard should be applied to the Bosnian Serb entity&#8217;s long-standing desire to leave Bosnia.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;For a long time, we in the Republika Srpska have not been happy in Bosnia-Herzegovina,&quot; Dodik told reporters in Banja Luka late on July 22.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;We respect the Dayton agreement [that ended the war in Bosnia], but the ICJ decision can serve us as guidance for our continuing fight over our status and our future.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>Haris Silajdzic, a Bosniak who is the chairman of Bosnia&#8217;s tripartite presidency, immediately responded that the country&#8217;s borders were immutable.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;Any attempt at disintegration will be prevented, as it was the last time,&quot; he added.<\/p>\n<p>The Serbian entity has never made a secret of its aspiration to join Serbia proper, a desire that directly contributed to the four-year war in Bosnia. The war ended after the intervention of NATO with the Dayton peace agreement in 1995 creating Bosnia as a federation of Serbs, Bosniaks, and Croats.<\/p>\n<p>Legal Limbo<\/p>\n<p>Dodik&#8217;s regarding the ICJ ruling as &quot;guidance&quot; for the future may be a measure of how much secessionist movements will regard the ruling as vindicating their efforts &#8212; despite the court&#8217;s own deliberately narrow interpretation.<br \/>\nThe ICJ ruled that international law contained no &quot;prohibition on declarations of independence&quot; and so Kosovo&#8217;s declaration &quot;did not violate international law.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>But the court avoided ruling on whether Kosovo&#8217;s statehood was legal under international law, leaving the decision on whether to recognize the territory&#8217;s independence to individual countries.<\/p>\n<p>Thus far, 69 countries have recognized Kosovo&#8217;s independence, including the United States and many European Union members.<\/p>\n<p>Several major powers &#8212; including Russia, China, and Spain &#8212; concerned about secessionist regions of their own, have not recognized Kosovo.<\/p>\n<p>No Change In Transdniester<\/p>\n<p>In Moldova, officials of the breakaway Transdniester region have yet to comment publicly on the ICJ&#8217;s decision.<\/p>\n<p>But top advisers to Moldova&#8217;s government say the ruling will not change any of the main players&#8217; views of the crisis, including those of Transdniester&#8217;s main backer, Russia.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;On the Transdniester side, we all know what their statements over the last 18 years have been [demanding full independence], so I don&#8217;t see how the ICJ decision could change that,&quot; says Nicu Popescu, a foreign-policy adviser to Moldova&#8217;s Prime Minister Vlad Filat.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;As for Russia&#8217;s statements and policies, Russia has constantly supported Moldova&#8217;s territorial integrity and I&#8217;m absolutely sure that this stance will continue, and there&#8217;s no reason at all why Russia&#8217;s support for Moldova&#8217;s territorial integrity should change.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>The predominantly Russian-speaking population of Transdniester attempted in 1990 to secede from Moldova and since then has maintained a separate but unrecognized government with Moscow&#8217;s support.<\/p>\n<p>Georgian Stalemate<\/p>\n<p>The Georgian government, which has lost two regions to secessionist movements backed by Moscow, also sees the court decision as doing little to change the status of its frozen conflicts.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;I think the decision probably will be used by regimes that are encouraging such kinds of small separatist regions,&quot; explains Kote Kublashvili, the chairman of Georgia&#8217;s Supreme Court.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;Because prior to the decision, those regimes already used the situation very well and officially declared that [the Kosovo] case will affect other would-be-recognized separatist regions. Today&#8217;s decision and those which have been made before [regarding recognition of Kosovo] will be widely debated first in terms the legal but also the political point of view.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>South Ossetia fought a war of secession from Georgia in 1991-92, and Abkhazia did the same in 1992-93. Both have been recognized as independent by Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela, and Nauru &#8212; but no other countries &#8212; in the wake of the 2008 Russia-Georgia war.<\/p>\n<p>Leading figures in the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia say they are encouraged by the court&#8217;s ruling.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;The fact that Kosovo has been recognized in accordance with international law can be seen as a definitive precedent for Abkhazia, and I think it will serve as an important precedent for Abkhazia,&quot; says Irakly Khintba, a Sukhumi-based political analyst.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;I&#8217;m not saying that Abkhazia will be recognized simply because it recognized Kosovo. But it is a serious political and historic step [for Abkhazia], that demonstrates that, in the current political environment, it is possible to recognize a state in spite of the will of the &#8216;master state&#8217; that it is trying to separate from.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>The deputy speaker of South Ossetia&#8217;s parliament, Valery Dzitsoity, says he regards Pristina&#8217;s situation as directly comparable to Tskhinvali&#8217;s. &quot;And moreover, I believe that South Ossetia has more of a foundation to expect recognition of its independence from the West than Kosovo,&quot; he adds.<\/p>\n<p>Dzitsoity says that this is because &quot;South Ossetia declared its independence at a time [September 1990] when Georgia was only recognized by Ukraine and was not a member of the UN. And Kosovo is separating from an internationally recognized state and a member of the UN.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>No Agreement In Nagorno-Karabakh<\/p>\n<p>Yet another frozen conflict whose parties may look to the ruling is Nagorno-Karabakh, the predominantly ethnic Armenian region that broke away from Azerbaijan following the breakup of the Soviet Union.<\/p>\n<p>The head of the opposition Armenian Revolutionary Federation parliamentary faction, Vahan Hovhannisian, hailed the ICJ ruling.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;The judgment clearly states that a unilateral proclamation of independence cannot be viewed as unlawful. For this, of course, there should be prerequisites, and Karabakh has at least the same prerequisites as Kosovo, if not more,&quot; Hovhannisian said.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;It means that now we get a new instrument, a new opportunity to struggle for the international recognition of the Nagorno-Karabakh republic.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>But Baku says it does not consider the Kosovo ruling pertinent to the Karabakh conflict.<\/p>\n<p>Foreign Ministry spokesman Elxan Poluxov told RFE\/RL&#8217;s Azerbaijani Service that Azerbaijan believed the ICJ&#8217;s decision applied &quot;only to Kosovo.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>&quot;Conflicts differ and there is no single solution for all conflicts,&quot; Poluxov added. &quot;We don&#8217;t see that the decision may somehow affect the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and negotiations on this conflict should have their own format.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>Ethnic Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh fought a war of secession from Azerbaijan in 1991-94, backed by Yerevan.<\/p>\n<p>Most of the region of Nagorno Karabakh today is governed by the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh republic, while the territory remains internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Reading Time: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 4<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minutes<\/span><\/span>The International Court of Justices (ICJ) ruling that Kosovos unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia was legal is of direct interest to other countries with secession crises or frozen conflicts.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":164484,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-164485","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politics"],"content_social_share":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Reading Time: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 4<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minutes<\/span><\/span><p><em>By Charles Recknagel<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The International Court of Justice&#8217;s (ICJ) ruling that Kosovo&#8217;s unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia was legal is of direct interest to other countries with secession crises or frozen conflicts.<\/p>\n<p>The ICJ has said its ruling approving Kosovo&#8217;s declaration of independence is unique to Kosovo.<\/p>\n<p>That essentially means the justices do not want it to stand as a precedent for the world&#8217;s many other places where regions have seceded or want to secede from their home countries.<\/p>\n<p>But as the instant reaction of many governments to the July 22 decision makes clear, the court&#8217;s ruling is being regarded &#8212; rightly or wrongly &#8212; in more universal terms. And nowhere more so than by parties involved in secession crises or frozen conflicts themselves.<\/p>\n<p>&#8216;Guidance&#8217; For Bosnia&#8217;s Serbs<\/p>\n<p>Among the first to react to the court&#8217;s ruling affirming Kosovo&#8217;s 2008 unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia was the leader of Bosnia-Herzegovina&#8217;s Serbian entity, the Republika Srpska.<br \/>\nPrime Minister Milorad Dodik suggested that if Kosovo&#8217;s secession from Serbia did not violate international law, then the same standard should be applied to the Bosnian Serb entity&#8217;s long-standing desire to leave Bosnia.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;For a long time, we in the Republika Srpska have not been happy in Bosnia-Herzegovina,&quot; Dodik told reporters in Banja Luka late on July 22.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;We respect the Dayton agreement [that ended the war in Bosnia], but the ICJ decision can serve us as guidance for our continuing fight over our status and our future.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>Haris Silajdzic, a Bosniak who is the chairman of Bosnia&#8217;s tripartite presidency, immediately responded that the country&#8217;s borders were immutable.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;Any attempt at disintegration will be prevented, as it was the last time,&quot; he added.<\/p>\n<p>The Serbian entity has never made a secret of its aspiration to join Serbia proper, a desire that directly contributed to the four-year war in Bosnia. The war ended after the intervention of NATO with the Dayton peace agreement in 1995 creating Bosnia as a federation of Serbs, Bosniaks, and Croats.<\/p>\n<p>Legal Limbo<\/p>\n<p>Dodik&#8217;s regarding the ICJ ruling as &quot;guidance&quot; for the future may be a measure of how much secessionist movements will regard the ruling as vindicating their efforts &#8212; despite the court&#8217;s own deliberately narrow interpretation.<br \/>\nThe ICJ ruled that international law contained no &quot;prohibition on declarations of independence&quot; and so Kosovo&#8217;s declaration &quot;did not violate international law.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>But the court avoided ruling on whether Kosovo&#8217;s statehood was legal under international law, leaving the decision on whether to recognize the territory&#8217;s independence to individual countries.<\/p>\n<p>Thus far, 69 countries have recognized Kosovo&#8217;s independence, including the United States and many European Union members.<\/p>\n<p>Several major powers &#8212; including Russia, China, and Spain &#8212; concerned about secessionist regions of their own, have not recognized Kosovo.<\/p>\n<p>No Change In Transdniester<\/p>\n<p>In Moldova, officials of the breakaway Transdniester region have yet to comment publicly on the ICJ&#8217;s decision.<\/p>\n<p>But top advisers to Moldova&#8217;s government say the ruling will not change any of the main players&#8217; views of the crisis, including those of Transdniester&#8217;s main backer, Russia.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;On the Transdniester side, we all know what their statements over the last 18 years have been [demanding full independence], so I don&#8217;t see how the ICJ decision could change that,&quot; says Nicu Popescu, a foreign-policy adviser to Moldova&#8217;s Prime Minister Vlad Filat.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;As for Russia&#8217;s statements and policies, Russia has constantly supported Moldova&#8217;s territorial integrity and I&#8217;m absolutely sure that this stance will continue, and there&#8217;s no reason at all why Russia&#8217;s support for Moldova&#8217;s territorial integrity should change.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>The predominantly Russian-speaking population of Transdniester attempted in 1990 to secede from Moldova and since then has maintained a separate but unrecognized government with Moscow&#8217;s support.<\/p>\n<p>Georgian Stalemate<\/p>\n<p>The Georgian government, which has lost two regions to secessionist movements backed by Moscow, also sees the court decision as doing little to change the status of its frozen conflicts.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;I think the decision probably will be used by regimes that are encouraging such kinds of small separatist regions,&quot; explains Kote Kublashvili, the chairman of Georgia&#8217;s Supreme Court.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;Because prior to the decision, those regimes already used the situation very well and officially declared that [the Kosovo] case will affect other would-be-recognized separatist regions. Today&#8217;s decision and those which have been made before [regarding recognition of Kosovo] will be widely debated first in terms the legal but also the political point of view.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>South Ossetia fought a war of secession from Georgia in 1991-92, and Abkhazia did the same in 1992-93. Both have been recognized as independent by Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela, and Nauru &#8212; but no other countries &#8212; in the wake of the 2008 Russia-Georgia war.<\/p>\n<p>Leading figures in the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia say they are encouraged by the court&#8217;s ruling.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;The fact that Kosovo has been recognized in accordance with international law can be seen as a definitive precedent for Abkhazia, and I think it will serve as an important precedent for Abkhazia,&quot; says Irakly Khintba, a Sukhumi-based political analyst.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;I&#8217;m not saying that Abkhazia will be recognized simply because it recognized Kosovo. But it is a serious political and historic step [for Abkhazia], that demonstrates that, in the current political environment, it is possible to recognize a state in spite of the will of the &#8216;master state&#8217; that it is trying to separate from.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>The deputy speaker of South Ossetia&#8217;s parliament, Valery Dzitsoity, says he regards Pristina&#8217;s situation as directly comparable to Tskhinvali&#8217;s. &quot;And moreover, I believe that South Ossetia has more of a foundation to expect recognition of its independence from the West than Kosovo,&quot; he adds.<\/p>\n<p>Dzitsoity says that this is because &quot;South Ossetia declared its independence at a time [September 1990] when Georgia was only recognized by Ukraine and was not a member of the UN. And Kosovo is separating from an internationally recognized state and a member of the UN.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>No Agreement In Nagorno-Karabakh<\/p>\n<p>Yet another frozen conflict whose parties may look to the ruling is Nagorno-Karabakh, the predominantly ethnic Armenian region that broke away from Azerbaijan following the breakup of the Soviet Union.<\/p>\n<p>The head of the opposition Armenian Revolutionary Federation parliamentary faction, Vahan Hovhannisian, hailed the ICJ ruling.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;The judgment clearly states that a unilateral proclamation of independence cannot be viewed as unlawful. For this, of course, there should be prerequisites, and Karabakh has at least the same prerequisites as Kosovo, if not more,&quot; Hovhannisian said.<\/p>\n<p>&quot;It means that now we get a new instrument, a new opportunity to struggle for the international recognition of the Nagorno-Karabakh republic.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>But Baku says it does not consider the Kosovo ruling pertinent to the Karabakh conflict.<\/p>\n<p>Foreign Ministry spokesman Elxan Poluxov told RFE\/RL&#8217;s Azerbaijani Service that Azerbaijan believed the ICJ&#8217;s decision applied &quot;only to Kosovo.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>&quot;Conflicts differ and there is no single solution for all conflicts,&quot; Poluxov added. &quot;We don&#8217;t see that the decision may somehow affect the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and negotiations on this conflict should have their own format.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>Ethnic Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh fought a war of secession from Azerbaijan in 1991-94, backed by Yerevan.<\/p>\n<p>Most of the region of Nagorno Karabakh today is governed by the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh republic, while the territory remains internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan.<\/p>\n<div class='heateorSssClear'><\/div><div  class='heateor_sss_sharing_container heateor_sss_horizontal_sharing' data-heateor-sss-href='https:\/\/www.moldova.org\/en\/eastern-europes-frozen-conflicts-look-to-kosovo-ruling-210932-eng\/' data-heateor-sss-no-counts=\"1\"><div class='heateor_sss_sharing_title' style=\"font-weight:bold\" ><\/div><div class=\"heateor_sss_sharing_ul\"><a aria-label=\"Facebook\" class=\"heateor_sss_facebook\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moldova.org%2Fen%2Feastern-europes-frozen-conflicts-look-to-kosovo-ruling-210932-eng%2F\" title=\"Facebook\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"font-size:32px!important;box-shadow:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle\"><span class=\"heateor_sss_svg\" 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